Two Ways to Understand the World

The psychologist Jerome Bruner has argued that human beings understand the world in two very different ways. The first he calls the “paradigmatic mode” of thought. In the paradigmatic mode, we seek to comprehend our experience in terms of tightly reasoned analyses, logical proof, and empirical observation. In the second, “narrative mode” of thought, we are concerned with human wants, needs and goals. This is the mode of stories, wherein we deal with “the vicissitudes of human intention” organized in time. 

Masters of the Heritage Matic mode try to “say no more than they mean.” Examples are scientists or logicians seeking to determine cause-and-effect relationships in order to explain events and help predict and control reality. Their explanations are constructed in such a way as to block the triggering of presuppositions.

By contrast, good poets and novelists are masters of the narrative mode. Their stories are especially effective when, in Bruner’s words, they “mean more than they can say.” A good story triggers presuppositions. Good stories give birth to many different meanings, generating “children” of meaning in their own image.

Dan McAdams, The Stories We Live By

27 Job Interview Tips

When to Show Up

Wait until 10 minutes before your scheduled interview time to announce yourself. Arriving any sooner shows that you're not respectful of the time the hiring manager put aside for you. A candidate who arrived an hour early made workers uncomfortable. Companies really don't want someone camped out in their lobby.

The Interview

Signal confidence by offering a firm handshake.

Avoid looking around the room, tapping your fingers, or other nervous movements.

No matter how you're feeling, keep your personal woes out of the interview process. For example, if you were laid off, instead of lamenting the situation, you might say the experience prompted you to reassess your skills, and that's what led you here. "You want to demonstrate resilience in the face of unpredictable obstacles."

When you've done your homework on the company by explaining how your background and track record relates to its current needs.

Find out how recent changes in the marketplace have affected the firm, its competitors and industry overall. Read recent company press releases, annual reports, media coverage and industry blogs, and consult with trusted members of your network.

Questions to be Ready to Answer

What are your positive leadership qualities?

What are your strengths and weaknesses?

Can you describe a time when you had to make a decision in a crisis?

Tell me something about you I can’t read on your resume?

Questions to Ask

What would be your highest priority for me to accomplish?

What does success look like in this position, and how do you measure it?

How can I best contribute to the department’s goals?

What would you say are the top two personality traits someone needs to do this job well?

What improvements or changes do you hope the new candidate will bring to this position?

I know this company prides itself on X and Y, so what would you say is the most important aspect of your culture?

Do you like working here?

Is there anything that stands out to you that makes you think I might not be the right fit for this job?

What were the best things about the last person who held this position?

To whom do I report and what does that mean in terms of authority?

Who will I be working most closely with?

Are there opportunities for professional development?

Salary

Your best bet is to wait until you're extended a job offer before talking pay.

Come prepared, having researched the average pay range for a position in case you're pressured to name your price. You might say, for example, that money isn't a primary concern for you and that you're just looking for something fair. You can try turning the tables by asking interviewers what the company has budgeted for the position.

Follow Up

After an interview, make sure to address thank-yous to the right people. Look closely for spelling and grammatical errors.

Don't stalk the interviewer. Wait at least a week before checking on your candidacy.

Leave a message if you get voicemail.

More Job Tips

Does money make us happier? Here's what the research says

Money only makes you happier if you live below the poverty line and you can’t put food on your table and then you can afford to. Whether getting superrich actually affects different aspects of your well-being? There’s a lot of evidence it doesn’t affect your positive emotion too much.

There was a recent paper by Matt Killingsworth where he was trying to make the claim that happiness continues as you get to higher incomes. And yeah, he’s right, but if you plot it, it’s like if you change your income from $100,000 to $600,000 your happiness goes up from, like, a 64 out of 100 to a 65. For the amount of work you have to put in to sextuple your income, you could instead just write in a gratitude journal, you could sleep an extra hour.

Yale cognitive scientist Laurie Santos, quoted in the New York Times

A new 988 number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline

A new 988 number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline goes into service on July 16. It will accept texts and live chat is available. Unfortunately, according to the Wall Street Journal, it relies on call centers that are already overstretched. Annual call volumes to the current 10-digit line increased by 92% from 2016 to 2021. Of more than nine million calls to the hotline from 2016 to 2021, 1.5 million were abandoned before they were answered. Read more about the new service in the Wall Street Journal, BuzzFeed News and the Associated Press.

8 Password Managers

1Password*
This popular password manager stores them in your Web browser, allowing users to only have one master password to access them all. Makes good use of the cloud to keep it in sync with all your devices. Starts at $36. 14 day free trial option.

Bitwarden*
The free version of this open source password manager is one of the best but it bare bones so if you want more and are willing to pay you’ll find better. User experience not as intuitive as other options. $10 a year for more options though storage is limited.

Dashline
A solid password manager with VPN service. Strong interface. $60 a year.

DataVault
Password manager to protect your data. Can sync through Dropbox. $10 for any operating system.

eWallet
Password manager to protect your data. Nice look, customizable. The Windows version is $20, others $10.

KeePassXC
Open source password manager. Purposely no cloud option. All passwords are stored locally. Free.

Keeper
Password manager. Well-designed interface. Free plan is limited. Paid starts at $34.99 a year.

Lastpass
Generates and saves passwords. Strong cross-platform experience. The company has had some past security issues. Free version is limited. Paid is $36 a year.

More Tech Tools

27 articles about job interview prep

4 tricks for getting rid of your nerves and appearing more confident in a job interview - Business Insider

38 Smart Questions to Ask in a Job Interview - Harvard Business Review

41 impressive questions to ask in a job interview - ZDnet

6 Interview Questions that will make any employer want to hire you - PR Daily

7 Things you never say in a PR agency job interview - PR Daily

8 Questions To Ask An Interviewer - GlassDoor

10 self-sabotaging interview mistakes to avoid  - The Week

Avoid these 9 mistakes when answering interview questions - Fast Company

How to Answer Anecdotal Interview Questions - LifeHacker

How to Answer ‘Tell Me About Yourself’ - Undercover Recruiter

How to answer the 5 most essential interview questions - USA Today

How To Recognize Red Flags At A Job Interview - Digg

How to speak body language during an interview - PR Daily

How to Succeed in a Virtual Interview - Indeed

Interview Questions to Ask Your Interviewer - Dave Ceddia

It Pays to Ask Smart Questions at a Job Interview - Wall Street Journal ($)

How to Succeed in Your Next Job Interview - Harvard Business Review (video)

Interview Killers - Wall Street Journal ($)

Job Applicant's Social Fit can Trump Qualifications - Bloomberg

Learn What an Unstructured Interview Is and How to Prepare - Glass Door

Rookie Mistakes on Your First Job Interview - Ivan Dimitrijevic

Should you Admit Why You Were Fired? - Fortune

Talking Too Much - Wall Street Journal ($)

There's a Right Answer to What's Your Greatest Weakness in a Job Interview - Inc

What should you do if asked about your salary history in a job interview?  - Washington Post

What to Say When You Don't Have an answer to an Interview Question - LifeHacker  

Your ultimate guide to ace the most common interview questions - Fast Company

More Job Tips

The Key to happiness in our later years

Each of us has something like a “Happiness 401(k)” that we invest in when we are young, and that we get to enjoy when we are old. And just as financial planners advise their clients to engage in specific behaviors—make your saving automatic; think twice before buying that boat—we can all teach ourselves to do some very specific things at any age to make our last decades much, much happier.

According to a Harvard study, the single most important trait of happy-well elders is healthy relationships. As Robert Waldinger, who directs the study, told me in an email, “Well-being can be built—and the best building blocks are good, warm relationships.” 

Arthur C. Brooks, writing in The Atlantic

He Dropped Out to Become a Poet. Now He’s Won the top award for Mathematics

June Huh has been awarded the Fields Medal, the highest honor in mathematics, for his ability to wander through mathematical landscapes. One might say the same of his path into mathematics itself: that it was characterized by much wandering and a series of small miracles. When he was younger, Huh had no desire to be a mathematician. He was indifferent to the subject, and he dropped out of high school to become a poet. That poetic detour has since proved crucial to his mathematical breakthroughs. His artistry, according to his colleagues, is evident in the way he uncovers those just-right objects at the center of his work, and in the way he seeks a deeper significance in everything he does. “Mathematicians are a lot like artists in that really we’re looking for beauty,” said Federico Ardila-Mantilla, a mathematician at San Francisco State University and one of Huh’s collaborators. “But I think in his case, it’s really pronounced. And I just really like his taste. He makes beautiful things.”       

Jordana Cepelewicz writing in Quanta Magazine

You Need Two Things

Building a genuine relationship with another person depends on at least two abilities. The first is seeing the world from another person's perspective. The second ability is being able to think about how you can collaborate with and help the other person rather than thinking about what you can get.

We're not suggesting that you be so saintly that a self-interested thought never crosses your mind. What we're saying is that your first move should always be to help. A study on negotiation found that a key difference between skilled and average negotiators was the time spent searching for shared interests and asking questions of the other person.

Follow that model. Start with a friendly gesture and genuinely mean it. Dale Carnegie's classic book on relationships, despite all its wisdom, has the unfortunate title How to Win Friends and Influence People. This makes Carnegie widely misunderstood. You don't "win" a friend. A friend is not an asset you own; a friend is an ally, a collaborator. When you can tell that someone is attempting sincerity, it leaves you cold. It is like the feeling you have when someone calls you by your first name repeatedly in conversation.

Reid Hoffman, The Start-Up of You

The value of video in news content has its limits

Starting in 2015, many online media companies started “pivoting to video,” gutting their traditional newsrooms and spending large amounts of money to build video journalism operations from scratch. Part of the impetus for that pivot was metrics showing that audiences preferred video to text—metrics provided, in large part, by Facebook. In 2014, Facebook claimed that “Facebook has averaged more than 1 billion video views every day.” Those metrics turned out to be grossly inflated, by as much as 60 to 80 percent. Facebook and the like want more video to run ads in because it allows them to make more money. And by claiming that this is what "readers want," news media could be manipulated into creating more video.

Katharine Trendcosta & Mitch Stoltz writing for EFF